{"id":1103,"date":"2023-10-20T15:25:57","date_gmt":"2023-10-20T15:25:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rse.is\/?p=1103"},"modified":"2023-11-27T08:07:36","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T08:07:36","slug":"afareglan-um-aflahlutdeild","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/2023\/10\/20\/afareglan-um-aflahlutdeild\/","title":{"rendered":"Afareglan um aflahlutdeild"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Hannes H\u00f3lmsteinn Gissurarson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Einn kunnasti au\u00f0lindahagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur heims, bandar\u00edski pr\u00f3fessorinn Gary Libecap, flytur laugardaginn 21. okt\u00f3ber fyrirlestur \u00ed stofu 101 \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3latorgi klukkan fj\u00f6gur um fiskvei\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i, hagkv\u00e6mustu n\u00fdtingu fiskistofna og e\u00f0lilegustu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fathlutun aflaheimilda \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um. Er ekki a\u00f0 efa, a\u00f0 lestur hans ver\u00f0ur forvitnilegur, en hann hefur skrifa\u00f0 margt um svokalla\u00f0a afareglu (grandfathering) vi\u00f0 \u00fathlutun afnotar\u00e9ttar af au\u00f0lindum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Greining Gordons \u00e1 s\u00f3un \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiskihagfr\u00e6\u00f0in var\u00f0 til, \u00feegar kanad\u00edski hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn H. Scott Gordon birti t\u00edmam\u00f3taritger\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1954, \u00fear sem hann reyndi a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra, hvers vegna fiskvei\u00f0ar v\u00e6ru l\u00edtt ar\u00f0b\u00e6rar, \u00fe\u00f3tt fiskimi\u00f0 v\u00e6ru v\u00ed\u00f0a gj\u00f6ful. Sk\u00fdringin var \u00ed f\u00e6stum or\u00f0um, a\u00f0 a\u00f0gangur v\u00e6ri \u00f3takmarka\u00f0ur a\u00f0 fiskimi\u00f0um, \u00fe\u00f3tt fiskistofnar v\u00e6ru takmarka\u00f0ir. Gordon hugsa\u00f0i s\u00e9r fiskimi\u00f0, sem nokkur fiskiskip s\u00e6ktu. Fyrst ykist heildaraflinn me\u00f0 aukinni s\u00f3kn, \u00feegar n\u00fdtt fiskiskip b\u00e6ttist vi\u00f0. Heildaraflinn n\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an h\u00e1marki vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na s\u00f3kn, t\u00f6lu fiskiskipa, og eftir \u00fea\u00f0 minnka\u00f0i hann og \u00fe\u00e1 um lei\u00f0 heildartekjur af fiskvei\u00f0unum. L\u00ednan um afla og aflatekjur v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed eins og bogi \u00ed laginu, byrja\u00f0i og enda\u00f0i \u00ed n\u00falli. Kostna\u00f0urinn af s\u00f3kninni ykist hins vegar reglulega me\u00f0 hverju n\u00fdju fiskiskipi. L\u00ednan um kostna\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed bein l\u00edna upp \u00e1 vi\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 \u00f3takmarka\u00f0an a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00feessum fiskimi\u00f0um b\u00e6ttust n\u00fd fiskiskip vi\u00f0, uns kostna\u00f0ur yr\u00f0i jafnmikill tekjum, en eftir \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki eftir neinu a\u00f0 sl\u00e6gjast. \u00deegar \u00feessu marki v\u00e6ri n\u00e1\u00f0, v\u00e6ru fiskvei\u00f0ar \u00e1 fiskimi\u00f0unum reknar \u00e1 n\u00falli, \u00e1n gr\u00f3\u00f0a, kostna\u00f0ur or\u00f0inn jafnmikill og tekjur. H\u00e9r hef \u00e9g dregi\u00f0 upp einfalt l\u00ednurit, sem s\u00fdnir fiskvei\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 \u00f3heftan a\u00f0gang samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessari greiningu Gordons, sem raunar er \u00f3umdeild. \u00cd \u00feessu d\u00e6mi n\u00e1 heildartekjur h\u00e1marki vi\u00f0 10 b\u00e1ta, en b\u00e1tunum mun vi\u00f0 \u00f3heftan a\u00f0gang fj\u00f6lga \u00ed 16 b\u00e1ta, \u00fear sem rekstur ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 n\u00falli. Hagkv\u00e6mast v\u00e6ri hins vegar a\u00f0 gera \u00fat 8 b\u00e1ta, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fear er lengst milli tekna og kostna\u00f0ar, heildargr\u00f3\u00f0inn mestur. Hin sorglega ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a er, a\u00f0 16 b\u00e1tar eru a\u00f0 landa minni afla en 8 b\u00e1tar g\u00e6tu gert. Enn sorglegra er, ef s\u00f3knin eykst umfram 16 b\u00e1ta, til d\u00e6mis vegna r\u00edkisstyrkja, og stofnarnir hrynja, eins og vi\u00f0 20 b\u00e1ta. \u00deetta hefur sums sta\u00f0ar gerst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Gordon nota\u00f0i greiningu s\u00edna til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra, hvers vegna fiskiskipaflotinn yxi alls sta\u00f0ar langt umfram \u00fea\u00f0, sem hagkv\u00e6mast v\u00e6ri. \u00d3takmarka\u00f0ur a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 takmarka\u00f0ri au\u00f0lind ylli jafnan ofn\u00fdtingu hennar. (\u00deetta hefur bandar\u00edski vistfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Garrett Hardin kalla\u00f0 samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6li\u00f0, the tragedy of the commons.) \u00deess m\u00e1 geta, a\u00f0 danski hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Jens Warming, pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, sem kenndi m\u00f6rgum \u00edslenskum hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, haf\u00f0i birt svipa\u00f0a greiningu \u00e1 offj\u00e1rfestingu og s\u00f3un \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um \u00e1ri\u00f0 1911, en h\u00fan var \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og f\u00f3r \u00fev\u00ed fram hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum en Nor\u00f0urlandab\u00faum. En \u00feegar a\u00f0 fornu h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00cdslendingar fundi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0 samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6linu \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru svi\u00f0i, eins og pr\u00f3fessor \u00der\u00e1inn Eggertsson hefur l\u00fdst. B\u00e6ndur \u00ed sama hreppi n\u00fdttu jafnan afr\u00e9ttir saman, r\u00e1ku f\u00e9 upp \u00e1 fj\u00f6ll \u00e1 sumrin til beitar. \u00de\u00e1 var nokkur freisting fyrir hvern einstakan b\u00f3nda a\u00f0 reka of marga sau\u00f0i \u00e1 fj\u00f6ll, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kostna\u00f0urinn af ofbeit dreif\u00f0ist \u00e1 alla b\u00e6ndurna, en \u00e1batinn af aukasau\u00f0um hirti b\u00f3ndinn einn. \u00de\u00e1 var gripi\u00f0 til \u00edt\u00f6lunnar svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u. Hver b\u00f3ndi m\u00e1tti a\u00f0eins telja \u00e1kve\u00f0inn fj\u00f6lda sau\u00f0a \u00ed afr\u00e9ttina. \u00deetta var au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekkert anna\u00f0 en kv\u00f3ti, og fylgdi hann hverri j\u00f6r\u00f0. \u00deetta var takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 grasnytjum til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir ofbeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


R\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0 samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6linu \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6li\u00f0 \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um var hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6linu \u00ed \u00edslenskum afr\u00e9ttum a\u00f0 fornu: Hver \u00fatger\u00f0arma\u00f0ur freista\u00f0ist til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta n\u00fdju fiskiskipi vi\u00f0, uns kostna\u00f0ur var or\u00f0inn jafnmikill og tekjurnar, rekstur \u00e1 n\u00falli. \u00dea\u00f0 voru of m\u00f6rg skip a\u00f0 eltast vi\u00f0 fiskana \u00ed sj\u00f3num, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 takmarka\u00f0ri au\u00f0lind var \u00f3takmarka\u00f0ur. \u00cdslendingar r\u00f6mbu\u00f0u s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feessu svipa\u00f0 og vi\u00f0 ofbeitinni for\u00f0um. S\u00edldin hvarf \u00e1 sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratug, eflaust vegna ofvei\u00f0i. \u00de\u00e1 voru s\u00edldvei\u00f0ar banna\u00f0ar \u00ed nokkur \u00e1r, en s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1kve\u00f0inn h\u00e1marksafli \u00e1ri\u00f0 1975. F\u00e9kk hvert skip a\u00f0 vei\u00f0a tilteki\u00f0 hlutfall h\u00e1marksaflans \u00e1 vert\u00ed\u00f0inni. \u00deetta var \u00ed raun fyrsti kv\u00f3tinn. Hann var\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an framseljanlegur, svo a\u00f0 eigendur s\u00edldarb\u00e1tanna g\u00e6tu hagr\u00e6tt hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r. Svipa\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist \u00ed lo\u00f0nuvei\u00f0um nokkrum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00deorskur og annar botnfiskur voru erfi\u00f0ari vi\u00f0fangs, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 fiskiskipin, sem s\u00f3ttu \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1, voru af misjafnri st\u00e6r\u00f0 og ger\u00f0, og mislangt var fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0um. \u00de\u00f3 var lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 takmarka var\u00f0 a\u00f0gang \u00fear, eftir a\u00f0 _svartar sk\u00fdrslur\u201c fiskifr\u00e6\u00f0inga um ofvei\u00f0i litu dagsins lj\u00f3s eftir mi\u00f0jan \u00e1ttunda \u00e1ratug. \u00cdslendingar \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00edka yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir \u00cdslandsmi\u00f0um eftir nokkur \u00feorskastr\u00ed\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Breta. Sm\u00e1m saman var\u00f0 til kv\u00f3ti \u00ed botnfiski svipa\u00f0ur \u00feeim, sem \u00feegar haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 settur \u00e1 \u00ed uppsj\u00e1varfiski (s\u00edld og lo\u00f0nu). Hann var f\u00f3lginn \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inn var h\u00e1marksafli \u00e1 hverri vert\u00ed\u00f0 \u00ed hverjum fiskistofni, en s\u00ed\u00f0an var einst\u00f6kum \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kjum \u00fathluta\u00f0 aflahlutdeild \u00ed \u00feessum h\u00e1marksafla eftir aflareynslu \u00e1ranna \u00e1 undan. Ef fyrirt\u00e6ki haf\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis landa\u00f0 5% af heildaraflanum \u00ed \u00feorski \u00e1rin \u00e1 undan, \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00e9kk \u00fea\u00f0 5% hlutdeild \u00ed leyfilegum h\u00e1marksafla \u00ed \u00feorski. Aflaheimildirnar \u00ed \u00f6llum fiskistofnum ur\u00f0u varanlegar og seljanlegar me\u00f0 heildarl\u00f6gum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990, fyrir 33 \u00e1rum. Hafa \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00ed\u00f0an gengi\u00f0 kaupum og s\u00f6lum, og er n\u00fa svo komi\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00feorri aflaheimilda einstakra \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kja er a\u00f0keyptur, yfir 90%. \u00cdslendingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u fundi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0 samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6linu. \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u takmarka\u00f0 a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 takmarka\u00f0ri au\u00f0lind. Og \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u fundi\u00f0 e\u00f0lilegustu \u00fathlutunarregluna, a\u00f0 takmarka a\u00f0ganginn vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u stunda\u00f0 vei\u00f0ar, enda var mest \u00ed h\u00fafi fyrir \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


A\u00f0rir ekki sviptir neinum r\u00e9tti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u00f0 kv\u00f3tanum var tapi sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00ed gr\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00cdslandsmi\u00f0um, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fa g\u00e1tu \u00fatger\u00f0armenn skipulagt vei\u00f0arnar skynsamlega, \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00f3knina eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem hagkv\u00e6mast var. \u00deeir \u00feurftu ekki a\u00f0 hamast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 landa sem mestum afla \u00e1 sem skemmstum t\u00edma \u00e1n tillits til kostna\u00f0ar. V\u00ed\u00f0a erlendis er sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegur \u00feungur baggi \u00e1 skattgrei\u00f0endum, en h\u00e9r er hann sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6r og ar\u00f0b\u00e6r. \u00dea\u00f0 voru l\u00edka merk t\u00edmam\u00f3t \u00e1ri\u00f0 2008, \u00feegar enginn drukkna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 fiskvei\u00f0ar \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00ed \u00cdslandss\u00f6gunni. En samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur eru ekki allir \u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0ir me\u00f0 kv\u00f3takerfi\u00f0. Sagt er, a\u00f0 a\u00f0rir hafi veri\u00f0 sviptir r\u00e9ttinum til a\u00f0 vei\u00f0a, \u00feegar hann var takmarka\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 vei\u00f0um, \u00feegar kerfi\u00f0 var teki\u00f0 upp. En hva\u00f0a r\u00e9ttur var \u00fea\u00f0? \u00dea\u00f0 var eins og Gordon og Warming h\u00f6f\u00f0u leitt \u00fat me\u00f0 gl\u00f6ggum r\u00f6kum a\u00f0eins r\u00e9ttur til a\u00f0 gera \u00fat \u00e1 n\u00falli, og s\u00e1 r\u00e9ttur var samkv\u00e6mt skilgreiningu einskis vir\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 mynda\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1 og \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins gr\u00f3\u00f0i af fiskvei\u00f0um, a\u00f0 a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 hinni takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u au\u00f0lind yr\u00f0i takmarka\u00f0ur. S\u00e1 gr\u00f3\u00f0i var ekki tekinn af neinum, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann mynda\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 l\u00e6gri tilkostna\u00f0 (eins og s\u00e9st \u00e1 l\u00ednuritinu, \u00feegar b\u00e1tunum f\u00e6kkar \u00far 16 \u00ed 8). Sumir seldu s\u00edna aflahlutdeild og h\u00e6ttu vei\u00f0um, og \u00fea\u00f0 var einmitt \u00e6skilegt, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 of margir h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 vei\u00f0um. Eftir ur\u00f0u \u00feeir, sem best voru fallnir til a\u00f0 vei\u00f0a. Einnig er sagt, a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 hef\u00f0i \u00ed upphafi \u00e1tt a\u00f0 \u00fathluta aflahlutdeildinni \u00e1 uppbo\u00f0i. En hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar setja jafnan eitt skilyr\u00f0i fyrir breytingu \u00e1 leikreglum. \u00dea\u00f0 er skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um Pareto-hagkv\u00e6mni. Breytingin \u00fearf helst a\u00f0 vera \u00f6llum \u00ed hag e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minnsta kosti engum \u00ed \u00f3hag. Uppbo\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00ed \u00f3hag \u00feeim, sem hef\u00f0u ekki geta\u00f0 keypt aflahlutdeild af r\u00edkinu \u00e1 uppbo\u00f0inu og veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 um lei\u00f0 sviptir l\u00edfsvi\u00f0urv\u00e6ri s\u00ednu \u00ed einu vetfangi. \u00deetta var \u00fev\u00ed Pareto-\u00f3hagkv\u00e6m breyting. Hitt var miklu e\u00f0lilegra a\u00f0 \u00fathluta \u00f6llum, sem veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u a\u00f0 vei\u00f0um, aflahlutdeild \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 aflareynslu \u00feeirra \u00e1rin \u00e1 undan. \u00de\u00e1 breyttust hagir \u00feeirra l\u00edtt, og \u00feeir g\u00e1tu s\u00ed\u00f0an sm\u00e1m saman laga\u00f0 sig a\u00f0 n\u00fdjum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um, sumir haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram vei\u00f0um og keypt kv\u00f3ta af \u00f6\u00f0rum, sem h\u00e6tt hef\u00f0u vei\u00f0um af f\u00fasum og frj\u00e1lsum vilja. \u00deetta var Pareto-hagkv\u00e6m breyting. Allir gr\u00e6ddu. Enginn tapa\u00f0i. \u00deetta m\u00e1 or\u00f0a svo: Vali\u00f0 var um tvo kosti. Annar var a\u00f0 f\u00e6kka fiskiskipum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leyfa \u00f6llum a\u00f0 halda \u00e1fram vei\u00f0um, en b\u00faa svo um hn\u00fata, a\u00f0 sum \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6ki g\u00e6tu keypt \u00f6nnur \u00fat \u00e1 marka\u00f0i. Hinn kosturinn var a\u00f0 f\u00e6kka fiskiskipum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 by\u00f0i upp aflaheimildirnar, svo a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kja hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 hverfa, en fj\u00e1rfestingar \u00feeirra og mannau\u00f0ur or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 engu \u00e1 svipstundu. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 var\u00f0 fyrri kosturinn fyrir valinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0inni \u00ed hag<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar (og raunar allir uppl\u00fdstir menn) eru samm\u00e1la um, a\u00f0 n\u00fdting n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0linda s\u00e9 jafnan hagkv\u00e6must vi\u00f0 einhvers konar einkaafnotar\u00e9tt e\u00f0a eignarr\u00e9tt, enda er n\u00fa vandinn einmitt s\u00e1 a\u00f0 sumra s\u00f6gn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, a\u00f0 \u00fatger\u00f0armenn gr\u00e6\u00f0i. En spurningin er, hvernig e\u00f0lilegast s\u00e9 a\u00f0 koma sl\u00edkum einkaafnotar\u00e9tti \u00e1. Gestur okkar og fyrirlesari \u00e1 f\u00f6studag, Gary Libecap, kallar \u00fea\u00f0 afaregluna, \u00feegar mi\u00f0a\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 fort\u00ed\u00f0ina og afnotar\u00e9tti \u00fathluta\u00f0 til \u00feeirra, sem haft hafa lengi afnot af \u00feeirri au\u00f0lind, sem \u00ed hlut \u00e1. Hugmyndin er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0i fyrirt\u00e6ki ekki fyrir mikilli r\u00f6skun \u00e1 starfsemi sinni. \u00deau geti n\u00fdtt s\u00e9r uppsafna\u00f0a \u00feekkingu og kunn\u00e1ttu. \u00deetta er einnig l\u00edklegast til samkomulags. Menn s\u00e6tta sig frekar vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 halda \u00e1fram starfsemi en a\u00f0 hrekjast \u00fat vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a l\u00e6gri hlut \u00e1 uppbo\u00f0i. Hafa \u00feeir Gary Libecap og pr\u00f3fessor Ragnar \u00c1rnason birt saman \u00ed erlendum v\u00edsindat\u00edmaritum fr\u00f3\u00f0legar ritger\u00f0ir um afaregluna. En afareglan \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 eiga alls sta\u00f0ar vi\u00f0. \u00deegar n\u00fd g\u00e6\u00f0i koma skyndilega til s\u00f6gu, sem enginn hefur n\u00fdtt (til d\u00e6mis ol\u00eda \u00ed Noregi e\u00f0a Alaska), geta \u00f6nnur sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 veri\u00f0 e\u00f0lileg, s\u00e9rstaklega ef g\u00e6\u00f0in eru ekki endurn\u00fdjanleg.Ein spurning \u00ed vi\u00f0b\u00f3t er \u00e1leitin. Hvernig n\u00fdtist \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni best s\u00e1 ar\u00f0ur, sem myndast hefur \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um vi\u00f0 kv\u00f3takerfi\u00f0? Svari\u00f0 er, a\u00f0 l\u00edklega n\u00fdtist henni ar\u00f0urinn best me\u00f0 n\u00faverandi fyrirkomulagi. \u00datger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kin grei\u00f0a skatta og gj\u00f6ld og kaupa a\u00f0f\u00f6ng, og \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed gr\u00e6\u00f0a a\u00f0rir. \u00deau skapa st\u00f6rf og stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun (sem \u00f3v\u00ed\u00f0a er meiri \u00ed sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegi en \u00e1 \u00cdslandi). \u00deetta kerfi er ekki fullkomi\u00f0, en ekki hefur veri\u00f0 bent \u00e1 neitt sk\u00e1rra. \u00cdslenskur sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegur \u00fearf l\u00edka a\u00f0 vera samkeppnish\u00e6fur vi\u00f0 erlenda keppinauta, sem nj\u00f3ta r\u00edflegra r\u00edkisstyrkja. Raunar lag\u00f0i \u00e9g til, \u00feegar veri\u00f0 var a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta kv\u00f3tann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990, a\u00f0 \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kin seldu hlutabr\u00e9f \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00e1 h\u00f3flegu ver\u00f0i, svo a\u00f0 allir g\u00e6tu noti\u00f0 beint fiskvei\u00f0iar\u00f0sins sem hluthafar, en ekki a\u00f0eins \u00f3beint, eins og n\u00fa er. Hitt er \u00f3v\u00edst, hva\u00f0 yr\u00f0i um fiskvei\u00f0iar\u00f0inn, ef r\u00edki\u00f0 hrifsa\u00f0i hann til s\u00edn me\u00f0 eignarn\u00e1mi kv\u00f3tans og \u00fatleigu hans. \u00dea\u00f0 eru hin herfilegustu \u00f6fugm\u00e6li a\u00f0 kalla \u00fea\u00f0 marka\u00f0slausn, a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 eigi au\u00f0lindir og leigi \u00fat afnotar\u00e9tt. Fj\u00f6rugur marka\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 aflaheimildir \u00ed \u00feessari grein allt fr\u00e1 upphafi kv\u00f3tans. L\u00edklegast v\u00e6ri, ef r\u00edki\u00f0 t\u00e6ki kv\u00f3tann af \u00fatger\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kjunum, a\u00f0 fiskvei\u00f0iar\u00f0urinn minnka\u00f0i verulega og k\u00e6mi s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0allega a\u00f0 notum \u00feeim, sem mest \u00e1hrif hef\u00f0u \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamennina, vel skipul\u00f6g\u00f0um og h\u00e1v\u00e6rum hagsmunah\u00f3pum. R\u00edki\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur ekki alltaf \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heimildir:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terry L. Anderson, Ragnar \u00c1rnason og Gary D. Libecap, Efficiency Advantages of Grandfathering in Rights-Based Fisheries Management,<\/em><\/a> Annual Review of Resource Economics,<\/em> 3. \u00e1rg., nr. 1 (2011), bls. 159\u2013179.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

James M. Buchanan, Who cares whether the commons are privatized? Post-Socialist Political Economy: Selected Essays<\/em> (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997), bls. 160\u2013167.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00der\u00e1inn Eggertsson, Analyzing Institutional Successes and Failures: A Millennium of Common Mountain Pastures in Iceland,<\/a> International Review of Law and Economics,<\/em> 12. \u00e1rg. (1992), bls. 423\u2013437.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H. Scott Gordon, The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery,<\/a> Journal of Political Economy,<\/em> 62. \u00e1rg., nr. 2 (1954), bls. 124\u2013142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons,<\/a> Science,<\/em> 162. \u00e1rg., nr. 3859 (1968), bls. 1243\u20131248.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jens Warming, Om \u00bbGrundrente\u00ab af Fiskegrunde,<\/a> National\u00f8konomisk Tidsskrif<\/em>t, 19. \u00e1rg., nr. 4 (1911), bls. 499\u2013505.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Grein \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu<\/em> 19. okt\u00f3ber 2023.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Einn kunnasti au\u00f0lindahagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur heims, bandar\u00edski pr\u00f3fessorinn Gary Libecap, flytur laugardaginn 21. okt\u00f3ber fyrirlestur \u00ed stofu 101 \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3latorgi klukkan fj\u00f6gur um fiskvei\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i, hagkv\u00e6mustu n\u00fdtingu fiskistofna og e\u00f0lilegustu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fathlutun aflaheimilda \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0um. Er ekki a\u00f0 efa, a\u00f0 lestur hans ver\u00f0ur forvitnilegur, en hann hefur skrifa\u00f0 margt um svokalla\u00f0a afareglu (grandfathering) vi\u00f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-greinar","category-vidburdir"],"blocksy_meta":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"brizy_media":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1103"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1114,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103\/revisions\/1114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}