![\"\"](\"https:\/\/rse.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/adam-smith-1-1024x576.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u00cd Au\u00f0leg\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna<\/em>, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1776, varpa\u00f0i Smith fram sk\u00fdringu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig einstaklingar og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir g\u00e6tu brotist \u00far f\u00e1t\u00e6kt \u00ed bjarg\u00e1lnir. H\u00fan var f\u00f3lgin \u00ed verkaskiptingunni. \u00cd frj\u00e1lsum vi\u00f0skiptum f\u00e1 menn \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum, sem \u00fe\u00e1 vantar og a\u00f0rir hafa, og l\u00e1ta a\u00f0ra f\u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0, sem a\u00f0ra vantar og \u00feeir hafa. B\u00e1\u00f0ir gr\u00e6\u00f0a, hvorugur tapar. J\u00f3n \u00e1 B\u00e6gis\u00e1 \u00fe\u00fdddi kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00feessa hugmynd eftir \u00fe\u00fdska sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 Gellert:<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00e1fur eigi \u00fe\u00fa hefir hinna, Einfaldasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 er af R\u00f3binson Kr\u00fas\u00f3 og F\u00f6studegi \u00ed sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gunni fr\u00e6gu. Setjum svo, a\u00f0 R\u00f3binson kunni betur til fiskvei\u00f0a en F\u00f6studagur, en F\u00f6studagur s\u00e9 hins vegar lagnari \u00ed a\u00f0 t\u00edna k\u00f3koshnetur. \u00de\u00e1 gr\u00e6\u00f0a b\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 R\u00f3binson haldi sig a\u00f0 vei\u00f0um og F\u00f6studagur a\u00f0 hnetut\u00ednslu, en \u00feeir skiptist s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 \u00feessum ver\u00f0m\u00e6tum. Hi\u00f0 sama er a\u00f0 segja um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir. P\u00f3lland hentar til kornyrkju, en Port\u00fagal til v\u00ednr\u00e6ktar. P\u00f3lverjar og Port\u00fagalir einbeita s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, sem \u00feeir geta gert betur en a\u00f0rir, og skiptast s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 korni og v\u00edni b\u00e1\u00f0um \u00ed hag. \u00cd verkum s\u00ednum kom Adam Smith einnig or\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00feeirri merkilegu hugmynd, a\u00f0 skipulag krefjist ekki alltaf skipuleggjanda. \u00dea\u00f0 geti sprotti\u00f0 upp \u00far frj\u00e1lsum samskiptum, gagnkv\u00e6mri a\u00f0l\u00f6gun einstaklinga. Marka\u00f0urinn er s\u00e1 vettvangur, sem menn hafa til a\u00f0 skiptast \u00e1 v\u00f6ru og \u00fej\u00f3nustu. \u00dear h\u00e6kka menn e\u00f0a l\u00e6kka ver\u00f0 \u00e1 v\u00f6ru sinni og \u00fej\u00f3nustu, uns jafnv\u00e6gi hefur n\u00e1\u00f0st, milli frambo\u00f0s og eftirspurnar, innflutnings og \u00fatflutnings, sparna\u00f0ar og fj\u00e1rfestingar. \u00deetta jafnv\u00e6gi er sj\u00e1lfsprotti\u00f0, ekki valdbo\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 f\u00e6st me\u00f0 ver\u00f0lagningu, ekki skipulagningu. Atvinnul\u00edfi\u00f0 getur veri\u00f0 skipulegt \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera skipulagt. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 jafnv\u00e6gi, sem \u00fear getur n\u00e1\u00f0st, ekki fullkomi\u00f0, en \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00edfellt a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta sig sj\u00e1lft eftir \u00feeim uppl\u00fdsingum, sem berast me\u00f0 gr\u00f3\u00f0a e\u00f0a tapi. Menn gr\u00e6\u00f0a, ef \u00feeim tekst a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja \u00fe\u00f6rfum vi\u00f0skiptavinanna betur en keppinautarnir. \u00deeir tapa, ef \u00feeir gera \u00fer\u00e1l\u00e1t mist\u00f6k og skeyta ekki um breytilegan smekk og \u00e1hugam\u00e1l vi\u00f0skiptavinanna. Vinsemd br\u00e1st og br\u00f3\u00f0ur\u00e1st, Matar\u00e1stin tengir menn, sem \u00feekkjast ekki, betur saman en n\u00e1ungak\u00e6rleikurinn, sem n\u00e6r e\u00f0li m\u00e1lsins samkv\u00e6mt a\u00f0eins til n\u00e6stu n\u00e1unga, vandamanna, n\u00e1granna, hugsanlega samlanda. \u00cd frj\u00e1lsri samkeppni lei\u00f0ir \u201e\u00f3s\u00fdnileg h\u00f6nd\u201c \u00fe\u00e1, sem vilja gr\u00e6\u00f0a, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na \u00fe\u00f6rfum vi\u00f0skiptavina sinna. \u00dea\u00f0 er hins vegar misskilningur, a\u00f0 Smith hafi veri\u00f0 stu\u00f0ningsma\u00f0ur l\u00e1gr\u00edkisins (minimum state). Hann taldi r\u00edki\u00f0 gegna \u00feremur mikilv\u00e6gum hlutverkum, a\u00f0 tryggja landvarnir, halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu og sj\u00e1 um, a\u00f0 n\u00f3g yr\u00f0i framleitt af svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um samg\u00e6\u00f0um (public goods). Me\u00f0al annars haf\u00f0i hann \u00e1hyggjur af \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 verkaskiptingin g\u00e6ti \u00ferengt \u00f3h\u00f3flega sj\u00f3narhorn einstaklinganna og \u00feess vegna \u00feyrfti r\u00edki\u00f0 a\u00f0 v\u00edkka \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fat me\u00f0 \u00f6flugri al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0umenntun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Um Adam Smith \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafa mest um hann a\u00f0 segja, sem minnst hafa lesi\u00f0 eftir hann. \u00dev\u00ed er til d\u00e6mis haldi\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 hann hafi tali\u00f0 manninn vera hagmenni, homo economicus<\/em>, sem hugsi a\u00f0eins um eigin hag. (Um \u00feetta hefur Sigf\u00fas Bjartmars sett saman smellna lj\u00f3\u00f0ab\u00f3k!) \u00dev\u00ed fer fjarri. Hagmenni\u00f0 er greiningart\u00e6ki, ekki l\u00fdsing \u00e1 manne\u00f0linu. \u00deetta greiningart\u00e6ki gerir okkur kleift a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 fyrir um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur, ef og \u00feegar menn keppa a\u00f0 eigin hag, eins og flestir gera \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum vi\u00f0 \u00f3kunnuga. Konur l\u00e1ta til d\u00e6mis oftast stj\u00f3rnast af m\u00f3\u00f0ur\u00e1st \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn s\u00edn, f\u00f3rna miklu. En \u00feegar \u00fe\u00e6r fara \u00fat \u00e1 marka\u00f0inn, reyna \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 kaupa sem besta v\u00f6ru vi\u00f0 sem l\u00e6gstu ver\u00f0i, f\u00f3rna engu. \u00dear stj\u00f3rnast \u00fe\u00e6r eins og flestir a\u00f0rir af matar\u00e1stinni. Og \u00fe\u00f3tt menn velji s\u00e9r eflaust oftast \u00e6vistarf eftir \u00e1hugam\u00e1lum og h\u00e6fileikum, ekki tekjum\u00f6guleikum einum saman, er \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, ef tekjur af einhverju starfi snarminnka, a\u00f0 f\u00e6rri muni \u00fe\u00e1 leggja \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir sig, en ef \u00fe\u00e6r aukast, a\u00f0 fleiri muni \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e6kjast eftir \u00fev\u00ed. Og \u00f6ll sk\u00e1ldin, sem h\u00e6\u00f0ast a\u00f0 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum fyrir a\u00f0 vita allt um ver\u00f0, en ekkert um ver\u00f0m\u00e6ti, munu jafnan taka l\u00e6gra farmi\u00f0aver\u00f0 fram yfir h\u00e6rra, \u00feegar \u00feau flj\u00faga \u00ed upplestrarfer\u00f0ir. Ekki ver\u00f0ur skili\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Adam Smith \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 minnast \u00feess, a\u00f0 l\u00edklega haf\u00f0i hann einhver heillav\u00e6nlegustu \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00cdslandss\u00f6guna allra erlendra manna. \u00cd ma\u00ed 1762 h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fer\u00edr Nor\u00f0menn \u00ed l\u00f6ngu fer\u00f0alagi um Evr\u00f3pu heims\u00f3tt Smith \u00ed Glasgow, en hann var \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar or\u00f0inn kunnur og virtur heimspekingur, ekki s\u00edst vegna b\u00f3karinnar\u00a0Kenningar um si\u00f0fer\u00f0iskenndirnar,<\/em>\u00a0sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1759. \u00deeir voru Andreas Holt og br\u00e6\u00f0urnir Peter og Carsten Anker. \u00deeir ur\u00f0u g\u00f3\u00f0ir vinir Smiths og hittu hann aftur \u00ed Toulouse \u00ed Frakklandi \u00ed mars 1764. \u00deegar \u00feeir sneru heim, t\u00f3ku \u00feeir vi\u00f0 h\u00e1um emb\u00e6ttum \u00ed dansk-norska r\u00edkinu. Holt var til d\u00e6mis forma\u00f0ur landsnefndarinnar fyrri 1770\u20131772, sem lag\u00f0i \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0in um umb\u00e6tur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deessir vinir Smiths h\u00f6f\u00f0u forg\u00f6ngu um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0\u00a0Au\u00f0leg\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna<\/em>\u00a0var \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku, og kom h\u00fan \u00fat \u00e1rin 1779\u20131780. \u00cd br\u00e9fi til Holts \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1780 \u00feakka\u00f0i Smith honum fyrir skemmtilegan fer\u00f0apistil um \u00cdsland og l\u00fdsti yfir \u00e1n\u00e6gju sinni me\u00f0, a\u00f0 b\u00f3kin skyldi komin \u00fat. Carsten Anker og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0andi b\u00f3karinnar, Frands Dr\u00e6bye, st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u b\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00ed danska Rentukammerinu og h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1rei\u00f0anlega sitt a\u00f0 segja um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 einokunarverslunin var afnumin \u00e1ri\u00f0 1787, en h\u00fan haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 einhver helsti dragb\u00edturinn \u00e1 v\u00f6xt og vi\u00f0gang \u00edslensks atvinnul\u00edfs. Yfirma\u00f0ur Rentukammersins \u00e1 \u00feeirri t\u00ed\u00f0, Ernst Schimmelmann, var l\u00edka snortinn af frelsisr\u00f6kum Smiths. L\u00edklega eiga f\u00e1ar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir eins miki\u00f0 undir frj\u00e1lsum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avi\u00f0skiptum og vi\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed full \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 leggja vi\u00f0 hlustir \u00ed h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arsal H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans kl. 16.20 mi\u00f0vikudaginn 6. desember.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (Grein \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu<\/em> 5. desember 2023.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1 \u00feessu \u00e1ri s\u00e9u li\u00f0in r\u00e9tt \u00ferj\u00fa hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Adam Smith, fa\u00f0ir hagfr\u00e6\u00f0innar, f\u00e6ddist, eru hugmyndir hans enn sprelllifandi. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00feess vegna fagna\u00f0arefni, a\u00f0 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og RSE, Ranns\u00f3knarmi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed samf\u00e9lags- og efnahagsm\u00e1lum, skuli hafa fengi\u00f0 einn helsta s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ing heims \u00ed kenningum Smiths, Pr\u00f3fessor Craig Smith, til a\u00f0 halda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-greinar","category-umraedan","category-vidburdir"],"blocksy_meta":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"brizy_media":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1134"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1138,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1134\/revisions\/1138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
hinum er varna\u00f0 g\u00e1fna \u00feinna,
og af \u00fe\u00f6rfnunar \u00feessum hag
er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sprotti\u00f0 samf\u00e9lag.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1tt\u00faran hefur dreift mannlegum h\u00e6fileikum og landg\u00e6\u00f0um \u00f3jafnt, en frj\u00e1ls vi\u00f0skipti jafna metin, gera m\u00f6nnum kleift a\u00f0 n\u00fdta h\u00e6fileika annarra og \u00f3l\u00edk g\u00e6\u00f0i landa. Saga s\u00ed\u00f0ustu tv\u00f6 hundru\u00f0 \u00e1ra hefur sta\u00f0fest kenningu Smiths, svo a\u00f0 um munar. \u00de\u00e6r \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, sem au\u00f0velda frj\u00e1lsa samkeppni og stunda frj\u00e1ls vi\u00f0skipti, hafa stika\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00f6m\u00edlnask\u00f3m inn \u00ed \u00f3tr\u00falega vels\u00e6ld samanbori\u00f0 vi\u00f0 fyrri t\u00edma. Hinar sitja fastar \u00ed f\u00e1t\u00e6kt. \u00c1rlega er reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat v\u00edsitala atvinnufrelsis fyrir langflest l\u00f6nd heims \u00e1 vegum Fraser stofnunarinnar \u00ed Kanada. Ef l\u00f6ndunum er skipt \u00ed fernt eftir atvinnufrelsi, \u00fe\u00e1 eru me\u00f0altekjur 10% tekjul\u00e6gsta h\u00f3psins \u00ed frj\u00e1lsasta fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungnum h\u00e6rri en me\u00f0altekjur allra \u00ed \u00f3frj\u00e1lsasta fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungnum. Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um eru l\u00edfskj\u00f6r f\u00e1t\u00e6kasta f\u00f3lksins \u00ed frj\u00e1lsustu l\u00f6ndunum betri en almenn l\u00edfskj\u00f6r \u00ed \u00f3frj\u00e1lsustu l\u00f6ndunum.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSkipulag \u00e1n skipuleggjanda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Fr\u00e6g er s\u00fa hugmynd Smiths, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 v\u00e6ntum ekki m\u00e1lsver\u00f0ar okkar vegna g\u00f3\u00f0vildar sl\u00e1trarans, bruggarans e\u00f0a bakarans, heldur vegna umhyggju \u00feeirra um eigin hag. \u00d6rn Arnarson orti \u00ed sama anda:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
breyttist \u00e1st hj\u00e1 konum.
Matar\u00e1st var sk\u00f6mminni sk\u00e1st,
skjaldan br\u00e1st h\u00fan vonum.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHagmenni og hagv\u00f6xtur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u00dev\u00ed er l\u00edka haldi\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 hugmyndin um hagv\u00f6xt standist ekki, \u00feegar til langs t\u00edma s\u00e9 liti\u00f0. Kap\u00edtalisminn, hugarf\u00f3stur Adams Smiths, s\u00e9 ekki sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6r. N\u00fa var Smith sj\u00e1lfur enginn s\u00e9rstakur stu\u00f0ningsma\u00f0ur kap\u00edtalista. Hann studdi frj\u00e1lsa samkeppni, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan er neytendum \u00ed hag, og hann taldi me\u00f0 sterkum r\u00f6kum verkaskiptinguna grei\u00f0f\u00e6rustu lei\u00f0ina til almennrar hags\u00e6ldar. En \u00ed raun og veru er hagv\u00f6xtur sjaldnast f\u00f3lginn \u00ed a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a meira, heldur miklu frekar \u00ed a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a minna, minnka fyrirh\u00f6fnina, finna \u00f3d\u00fdrari lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 gefnu marki, spara s\u00e9r t\u00edma og orku. Auk \u00feess er hagv\u00f6xturinn afkastamesti s\u00e1ttasemjarinn. \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 auka eigin hlut me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hrifsa fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum geta menn reynt a\u00f0 auka hann me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdta betur \u00fea\u00f0, sem \u00feeir hafa, og b\u00e6ta \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an, hl\u00faa a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, svo a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 vaxi og dafni \u00ed h\u00f6ndum \u00feeirra. Og \u00feegar a\u00f0 er g\u00e1\u00f0, eru mengun og r\u00e1nyrkja vegna \u00feess, a\u00f0 enginn \u00e1 og g\u00e6tir au\u00f0linda. Umhverfisvernd krefst umhverfisverndara, einkaeignarr\u00e9ttar e\u00f0a einkaafnotar\u00e9ttar \u00e1 au\u00f0lindum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00c1hrif Smiths \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n