{"id":1154,"date":"2024-04-30T08:39:25","date_gmt":"2024-04-30T08:39:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rse.is\/?p=1154"},"modified":"2024-07-04T14:37:29","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T14:37:29","slug":"fjolhaefur-hugsudur-saekir-island-heim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/2024\/04\/30\/fjolhaefur-hugsudur-saekir-island-heim\/","title":{"rendered":"Fj\u00f6lh\u00e6fur hugsu\u00f0ur s\u00e6kir \u00cdsland heim"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Friedman er me\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0um m\u00e6lskur, frj\u00f3r og fj\u00f6lh\u00e6fur, \u00f3bundinn af allri hef\u00f0arspeki, ungur \u00ed anda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vori\u00f0 1979, fyrir fj\u00f6rut\u00edu og fimm \u00e1rum, var F\u00e9lag frj\u00e1lshyggjumanna stofna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1ttr\u00e6\u00f0isafm\u00e6li Friedrichs A. von Hayeks, eins fremsta stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lahugsu\u00f0ar tuttugustu aldar. Fyrsti erlendi fyrirlesari f\u00e9lagsins \u00fe\u00e1 um hausti\u00f0 var David Friedman, sonur hins heimsfr\u00e6ga hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ings Miltons Friedmans. David var eins og fa\u00f0ir hans mikill n\u00e1msma\u00f0ur, haf\u00f0i loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, en sn\u00fai\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i og birt margt um \u00feau efni. \u00deegar h\u00e9r var komi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu var hann hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessor \u00ed Virginia Polytechnic University \u00ed Virgin\u00edu og \u00ed fremstu r\u00f6\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0ra marka\u00f0shyggjumanna, anarcho-capitalists, en \u00feeir voru stj\u00f3rnleysingjar, sem t\u00f6ldu einstaklinga \u00e1 marka\u00f0i geta leyst \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum s\u00edn \u00ed milli \u00far \u00f6llum m\u00e1lum, svo a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00f3\u00fearft fr\u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i s\u00e9\u00f0. F\u00e6r\u00f0i David hugvitsamleg r\u00f6k fyrir marka\u00f0shyggju \u00ed b\u00f3kinni Frelsinu \u00ed framkv\u00e6md<\/em> (The Machinery of Freedom) \u00e1ri\u00f0 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cdslenska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldi\u00f0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Eitt d\u00e6mi\u00f0, sem Friedman yngri nefndi, var \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldi\u00f0 \u00edslenska, sem st\u00f3\u00f0 930-1262. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1greiningur s\u00e9 um m\u00f6rg \u00feau verkefni, sem r\u00edki\u00f0 sinnir, telja flestir, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r landvarnir, lagasetningu og r\u00e9ttarv\u00f6rslu. Friedman benti \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldinu var lagasetning og r\u00e9ttarvarsla \u00ed h\u00f6ndum einkaa\u00f0ila, go\u00f0anna, sem komu saman einu sinni \u00e1 \u00e1ri \u00e1 \u00deingv\u00f6llum, settu l\u00f6g og sk\u00e1ru \u00far deilum. \u00dear e\u00f0 \u00feetta skipulag st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00f6sk \u00ferj\u00fa hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r, var \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 minnsta kosti framkv\u00e6manlegt. En var \u00fea\u00f0 hagkv\u00e6mt? Friedman taldi svo vera \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi, a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarvarslan hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 ver\u00f0l\u00f6g\u00f0 e\u00f0lilega. \u00d6ll m\u00e1l hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 einkam\u00e1l, ekki brot gegn r\u00edkinu, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 til. Vandamenn manns, sem var drepinn, hef\u00f0u krafist b\u00f3ta fyrir hann e\u00f0a gripi\u00f0 til \u00feess r\u00e1\u00f0s a\u00f0 hefna dr\u00e1psins. F\u00e9b\u00e6tur hef\u00f0u \u00feann kost fram yfir aft\u00f6kur og refsivist, sag\u00f0i Friedman, a\u00f0 f\u00f3rnarlambinu e\u00f0a fj\u00f6lskyldu \u00feess var b\u00e6ttur ska\u00f0inn, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti a\u00f0 einhverju marki. L\u00edtilmagninn hef\u00f0i geta\u00f0 leita\u00f0 til go\u00f0a s\u00edns e\u00f0a framselt s\u00f6k s\u00edna. S\u00e9rstakir s\u00e1ttasemjarar hef\u00f0u oft veri\u00f0 kvaddir til, svo a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va m\u00e6tti deilur e\u00f0a gagnkv\u00e6m dr\u00e1p. \u00cdslenska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldi\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 tilt\u00f6lulega st\u00f6\u00f0ugt. \u00dea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00ferj\u00fa hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r \u00e1n st\u00f3rkostlegra bl\u00f3\u00f0s\u00fathellinga \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed, sem ger\u00f0ist til d\u00e6mis \u00ed bar\u00e1ttunni um yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir Englandi. Kristnitakan h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi hef\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis veri\u00f0 fur\u00f0ufri\u00f0samleg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samkv\u00e6mt greiningu Friedmans voru go\u00f0or\u00f0in \u00ed rauninni l\u00edtil verndarfyrirt\u00e6ki, sem g\u00e1tu gengi\u00f0 kaupum og s\u00f6lum. B\u00e6ndur g\u00e1tu l\u00edka vali\u00f0 um go\u00f0or\u00f0 innan s\u00edns landsfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungs, sagt sig fr\u00e1 einum go\u00f0a og vali\u00f0 annan. \u00deeir nutu \u00fev\u00ed tv\u00edm\u00e6lalaust meira frelsis en v\u00ed\u00f0ast annars sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 sama t\u00edma. \u00cdslendingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u engan konung annan en l\u00f6gin, sag\u00f0i \u00fe\u00fdski sagnritarinn Adam fr\u00e1 Brimum hinn hrifnasti. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi var \u00feannig virkur marka\u00f0ur fyrir r\u00e9ttarv\u00f6rslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitt er anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 greiningu Friedmans ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta annarri einingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldisins, hreppnum. A\u00f0ild a\u00f0 honum var ekki frj\u00e1ls, heldur var hver b\u00f3ndi skyldugur a\u00f0 vera \u00ed \u00feeim hreppi, sem j\u00f6r\u00f0 hans l\u00e1 \u00ed, en venjulega afmarka\u00f0ist hreppurinn af landslagi. Hreppurinn gegndi tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6ttu hlutverki. Hann var \u00ed fyrsta lagi gagnkv\u00e6mt tryggingarf\u00e9lag. \u00deegar \u00e1 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 halda sl\u00f3gu b\u00e6ndur saman \u00ed sj\u00f3\u00f0 og b\u00e6ttu hver \u00f6\u00f0rum tj\u00f3n, sem \u00feeir ur\u00f0u fyrir vegna h\u00fasbruna e\u00f0a fellis h\u00fasd\u00fdra, auk \u00feess sem \u00feeir sinntu framf\u00e6rslu \u00feeirra, sem ekki g\u00e1tu s\u00e9\u00f0 um sig sj\u00e1lfir. Jafnframt stj\u00f3rna\u00f0i hreppurinn a\u00f0gangi b\u00e6nda a\u00f0 beitarl\u00f6ndum, sem \u00feeir \u00e1ttu og n\u00fdttu \u00ed sameiningu, a\u00f0allega upp til fjalla, svo a\u00f0 \u00feessi a\u00f0gangur takmarka\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 grasnytjar yr\u00f0u sem bestar. Hver j\u00f6r\u00f0 \u00e1tti s\u00edna \u201e\u00edt\u00f6lu\u201c, fastan fj\u00f6lda \u00feeirra sau\u00f0a, sem reka m\u00e1tti \u00e1 fjall, \u201etelja \u00ed\u201c almenninginn. Eins og \u00der\u00e1inn Eggertsson pr\u00f3fessor hefur bent \u00e1 leystu \u00cdslendingar me\u00f0 \u00feessu samn\u00fdtingarb\u00f6li\u00f0 (tragedy of the commons), sem er f\u00f3lgi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00f3takmarka\u00f0ur a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 takmarka\u00f0ri au\u00f0lind lei\u00f0ir til ofn\u00fdtingar hennar. (Hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt d\u00e6mi er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslenskum sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegi.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgun og loftslagsbreytingar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

David Friedman greinir eins og fa\u00f0ir hans Milton \u00fdmis m\u00e1l \u00ed lj\u00f3si kenningar hagfr\u00e6\u00f0innar um ja\u00f0arnotagildi. S\u00fa kenning er einf\u00f6ld. E\u00f0lilegt er a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta hverja v\u00f6ru ni\u00f0ur \u00ed einingar og spyrja, hversu margar einingar skuli framlei\u00f0a. Svari\u00f0 er, a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta skuli vi\u00f0 einingum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki, a\u00f0 notagildi\u00f0 af s\u00ed\u00f0ustu einingunni s\u00e9 hi\u00f0 sama og af s\u00ed\u00f0ustu einingu af allri annarri v\u00f6ru. \u00de\u00e1 er hagkerfi\u00f0 komi\u00f0 \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi og ver\u00f0ur ekki betrumb\u00e6tt. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 gerist \u00feetta aldrei, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 atvinnul\u00edfi\u00f0 er alltaf \u00e1 hreyfingu, \u00fea\u00f0 er i\u00f0andi k\u00f6s happa og glappa. Menn ramba stundum \u00e1 snjallar lausnir, en oftar gera \u00feeir mist\u00f6k og reyna a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta \u00feau, og \u00f3sjaldan ver\u00f0a \u00f3v\u00e6ntar breytingar af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um, sem \u00feeir hlj\u00f3ta a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0. En fyrsta hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00farlausnarefni\u00f0, sem Friedman t\u00f3k til ranns\u00f3knar, var f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgun. Fram undir 1970 var s\u00fa sko\u00f0un almenn, a\u00f0 h\u00fan myndi lei\u00f0a til hungursney\u00f0ar og \u00f6ng\u00feveitis. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1968 fullyrti l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Paul Ehrlich til d\u00e6mis, a\u00f0 ekkert g\u00e6ti komi\u00f0 \u00ed veg fyrir st\u00f3rkostlegt mannfall n\u00e6stu \u00e1r og \u00e1ratugi vegna f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgunar og f\u00e6\u00f0uskorts. Hi\u00f0 sama var sagt \u00ed b\u00f3k, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00edslensku, Heimi \u00e1 helvegi.<\/em> Friedman spur\u00f0i hins vegar, hver v\u00e6ri kostna\u00f0ur og \u00e1bati af n\u00fdjum einstaklingi, sem f\u00e6ddist inn \u00ed heiminn, ja\u00f0arnotagildi hans. Hann komst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri unnt a\u00f0 segja fyrir um \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 neinni vissu, a\u00f0 neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar aflei\u00f0ingar f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgunar yr\u00f0u meiri en j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar. N\u00fa er lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 hraksp\u00e1r Ehrlichs og margra annarra hafa a\u00f0 minnsta kosti ekki r\u00e6st.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friedman beitir s\u00f6mu greiningu \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li, loftslagsv\u00e1nni svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u. \u00de\u00f3tt deilt s\u00e9 um sp\u00e1r Millir\u00edkjanefndar Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum (IPCC), \u00fear e\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r eru s\u00f3ttar \u00ed t\u00f6lvul\u00edk\u00f6n, tekur Friedman mark \u00e1 \u00feeim og spyr, hverjar ver\u00f0i aflei\u00f0ingar af hl\u00fdnun jar\u00f0ar um eitt e\u00f0a tv\u00f6 stig n\u00e6stu \u00e1ratugi, eins og sp\u00e1\u00f0 s\u00e9. Hann spyr me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um, hvert s\u00e9 notagildi hvers vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarhitastigs. Neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar aflei\u00f0ingar ver\u00f0a a\u00f0allega \u00ferenns konar: h\u00e6kkun sj\u00e1varm\u00e1ls, r\u00f6skun margv\u00edslegra \u00e1\u00e6tlana, sem menn hafa gert me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af n\u00faverandi loftslagi, og hugsanleg \u00fatr\u00fdming d\u00fdrategunda, sem hafa laga\u00f0 sig a\u00f0 n\u00faverandi loftslagi. J\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar aflei\u00f0ingar ver\u00f0a hins vegar a\u00f0allega st\u00e6kkun gr\u00f3\u00f0urlendis, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al og ekki s\u00edst \u00ed heimskautal\u00f6ndum. \u00deetta hefur raunar veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 gerast s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugi, \u00fe\u00f3tt f\u00e1tt segi af \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum. Af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um ver\u00f0ur hl\u00fdnunin meiri \u00ed k\u00f6ldum l\u00f6ndum en heitum. Fr\u00f3\u00f0legt er \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi, a\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt t\u00f6lum bandar\u00edsku l\u00fd\u00f0heilsustofnunarinnar deyja tv\u00f6falt fleiri \u00e1rlega s\u00f6kum kulda en hita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friedman kemst a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u og um f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgun, a\u00f0 erfitt s\u00e9 e\u00f0a \u00f3kleift a\u00f0 segja fyrir um \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 neinni vissu, hvort neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar aflei\u00f0ingar loftslagsbreytinga ver\u00f0i meiri en j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar. Hann bendir \u00e1, a\u00f0 loftslagsbreytingar eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00fami eins og t\u00edma. Menn fara \u00far einu loftslagi \u00ed anna\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00feeir fer\u00f0ast um j\u00f6r\u00f0ina, og \u00feeir laga sig \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 breyttum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. Hi\u00f0 sama hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0 um loftslagsbreytingar \u00ed t\u00edma. Menn lagi sig a\u00f0 breyttum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvert stefnir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

David Friedman er staddur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og \u00e6tlar a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 rabbfund, sem RSE, Ranns\u00f3knarmi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 um samf\u00e9lags- og efnahagsm\u00e1l, heldur \u00ed gamla Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ish\u00fasinu vi\u00f0 Austurv\u00f6ll (NASA), mi\u00f0vikudaginn 1. ma\u00ed klukkan fj\u00f6gur, og \u00fear hyggst hann r\u00e6\u00f0a um helstu breytingar \u00ed heiminum, fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann kom hinga\u00f0 fyrst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1979, ungur og \u00e1kafur stj\u00f3rnleysingi. \u00ddmislegt hefur gengi\u00f0 \u00e1: fall komm\u00fanismans 1989-1991, uppgangur frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar, hin al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega lausafj\u00e1rkreppa 2007-2009, heimsfaraldurinn, sta\u00f0bundin str\u00ed\u00f0, v\u00f6xtur r\u00edkisins og margt fleira. Friedman er me\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0um m\u00e6lskur, frj\u00f3r og fj\u00f6lh\u00e6fur, \u00f3bundinn af allri hef\u00f0arspeki, ungur \u00ed anda, og ver\u00f0ur fr\u00f3\u00f0legt a\u00f0 vita, hva\u00f0 hann hefur a\u00f0 segja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hannes H\u00f3lmsteinn Gissurarson<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f6fundur er pr\u00f3fessor emeritus \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grein \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu 30. apr\u00edl 2024<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Friedman er me\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0um m\u00e6lskur, frj\u00f3r og fj\u00f6lh\u00e6fur, \u00f3bundinn af allri hef\u00f0arspeki, ungur \u00ed anda. Vori\u00f0 1979, fyrir fj\u00f6rut\u00edu og fimm \u00e1rum, var F\u00e9lag frj\u00e1lshyggjumanna stofna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1ttr\u00e6\u00f0isafm\u00e6li Friedrichs A. von Hayeks, eins fremsta stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lahugsu\u00f0ar tuttugustu aldar. Fyrsti erlendi fyrirlesari f\u00e9lagsins \u00fe\u00e1 um hausti\u00f0 var David Friedman, sonur hins heimsfr\u00e6ga hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ings Miltons Friedmans. David var […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-greinar","category-umraedan","category-vidburdir"],"blocksy_meta":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"brizy_media":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1154"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1158,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154\/revisions\/1158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}