{"id":969,"date":"2022-09-01T20:35:07","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T20:35:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rse.is\/?p=969"},"modified":"2022-09-01T21:08:39","modified_gmt":"2022-09-01T21:08:39","slug":"minnisblad-um-orkuskipti-og-inngrip","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rse.is\/index.php\/2022\/09\/01\/minnisblad-um-orkuskipti-og-inngrip\/","title":{"rendered":"Minnisbla\u00f0 um orkuskipti og inngrip"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Oft einkennast inngrip stj\u00f3rnvalda af kappi frekar en forsj\u00e1. Reynslan kennir okkur a\u00f0 varast \u00e6tti a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa fram fyrir hendur marka\u00f0arins nema a\u00f0 b\u00fai\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 vega og meta mj\u00f6g vandlega kostna\u00f0, \u00e1vinning, ru\u00f0nings\u00e1hrif og a\u00f0ra heppilega valkosti.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sem var reynt:
<\/strong>V\u00ed\u00f0a um heim hafa stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld marka\u00f0 metna\u00f0arfulla stefnu um minni losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda,
me\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0um sem beinast ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst a\u00f0 orkuskiptum \u00ed samg\u00f6ngum.
\u00c1 \u00cdslandi hafa stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld m.a. fari\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0 a\u00f0 veita afsl\u00e1tt af innflutningsgj\u00f6ldum rafmagns-, vetnisog
tengiltvinnb\u00edla til a\u00f0 gera \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 samkeppnish\u00e6fari valkosti. Skatta\u00edvilnunum fyrir \u00edbl\u00f6ndun
l\u00edfeldsneytis \u00ed \u00f3hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 eldsneyti hefur einnig veri\u00f0 beitt fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2010 og skylda til \u00edbl\u00f6ndunar
l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2013.

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2019 var gengi\u00f0 enn lengra me\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlun \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum sem kva\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 banna
innflutning bens\u00edn- og d\u00edselb\u00edla fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 \u00e1rinu 2030. N\u00fdveri\u00f0 samm\u00e6ltust r\u00edki Evr\u00f3pusambandsins
um sams konar inngrip sem fela \u00ed reynd \u00ed s\u00e9r bann \u00e1 s\u00f6lu bens\u00edn- og d\u00edselb\u00edla fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 \u00e1rinu 2035.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sem ger\u00f0ist:<\/strong>
B\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og erlendis hafa vakna\u00f0 spurningar um kostna\u00f0inn og \u00e1vinninginn af stefnu stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00e1
svi\u00f0i orkuskipta \u00ed samg\u00f6ngum. \u00deegar \u00edslenska fj\u00e1rm\u00e1la- og efnahagsr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 var spurt sumari\u00f0
2021 hva\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0irnar hef\u00f0u kosta\u00f0 og hverju \u00fe\u00e6r hef\u00f0u skila\u00f0 var f\u00e1tt um sv\u00f6r.
Var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki fyrr en \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 2022 a\u00f0 Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands birti sk\u00fdrslu1, sem unnin var a\u00f0
bei\u00f0ni umhverfisr\u00e1\u00f0uneytisins, um kostna\u00f0 og \u00e1bata af hinum \u00fdmsu a\u00f0ger\u00f0um stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00ed
loftslagsm\u00e1lum.
Samkv\u00e6mt sk\u00fdrslunni eru \u00feeir hvatar sem beitt var til a\u00f0 \u00f6rva s\u00f6lu rafmagns-, vetnis-, og
tengiltvinnb\u00edla mj\u00f6g kostna\u00f0arsamir og fyrir hvert tonn af koltv\u00eds\u00fdrings\u00fatbl\u00e6stri sem t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 spara
nam kostna\u00f0urinn 31.000 kr. Til samanbur\u00f0ar \u00e1\u00e6tlar Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun a\u00f0 me\u00f0 landgr\u00e6\u00f0slu kosti 650
kr a\u00f0 binda tonn af koltv\u00eds\u00fdringi, og a\u00f0eins 300 kr ef dregi\u00f0 er \u00far losun me\u00f0 endurheimt votlendis.
Voru hvatar til orkuskipta \u00fev\u00ed um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 50 til 100 sinnum d\u00fdrari en hagkv\u00e6mustu lei\u00f0irnar til a\u00f0
koma b\u00f6ndum \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda.
Reyndar vantar \u00cd sk\u00fdrslu Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunnar umfj\u00f6llun um \u00edbl\u00f6ndun l\u00edfeldsneytis \u00ed bens\u00edn og
d\u00edsilol\u00edu. Voru l\u00f6g um \u00edbl\u00f6ndun sett \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3putilskipun og t\u00f3ku gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2013.
Segir <\/strong>fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 a\u00f0 kostna\u00f0urinn af \u00feeirri a\u00f0ger\u00f0 nemi um 2,4 milljar\u00f0i kr\u00f3na \u00e1 \u00e1ri.
Um lei\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenndi fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 a\u00f0 ekki l\u00e6gi fyrir mat \u00e1 kostna\u00f0i vegna vi\u00f0 samdr\u00e1tt \u00e1 hvert tonn af CO2-\u00edgildum af \u00feessari a\u00f0ger\u00f0 fremurr en \u00f6\u00f0rum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Fyrirsj\u00e1anlegar og \u00f3fyrirsj\u00e1anlegar aflei\u00f0ingar:
<\/strong>Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunnar um hvata til a\u00f0 auka hlut rafmagnsb\u00edla eru \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0
samb\u00e6rilegar ranns\u00f3knir sem ger\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 erlendis. Kemst stofnunin a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, l\u00edkt og a\u00f0rar
ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt, a\u00f0 \u00e1n s\u00e9rstakra hvata megi v\u00e6nta \u00feess a\u00f0 vistv\u00e6nir b\u00edlar ver\u00f0i hvort e\u00f0 er
sm\u00e1m saman samkeppnish\u00e6fari \u00ed ver\u00f0i og a\u00f0 inngrip stj\u00f3rnvalda hafi a\u00f0allega \u00feau \u00e1hrif \u2013 me\u00f0 mj\u00f6g
miklum tilkostna\u00f0i \u2013 a\u00f0 fl\u00fdta orkuskiptum \u00ed samg\u00f6ngum um nokkur \u00e1r.
Hafa erlendar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 sama svi\u00f0i bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 helst megi r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta inngrip sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 tryggja
vi\u00f0unandi a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 hra\u00f0hle\u00f0slust\u00f6\u00f0vum, svo a\u00f0 \u00f3vissa um a\u00f0 geta eki\u00f0 \u00e1 milli landshluta f\u00e6li f\u00f3lk
ekki fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kaupa rafmagnsb\u00edl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u00cd sk\u00fdrslu Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunar vantar s\u00ed\u00f0an mat \u00e1 \u00f3beinum aflei\u00f0ingum inngripa stj\u00f3rnvalda og \u00fev\u00ed
tj\u00f3ni sem oft ver\u00f0ur \u00feegar \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er me\u00f0 lagasetningu a\u00f0 taka fram fyrir hendur marka\u00f0arins.
Hafa gagnr\u00fdnendur t.d. bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 andsta\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnvalda v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim vi\u00f0 bens\u00edn- og d\u00edselb\u00edla letji
framlei\u00f0endur til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a enn sparneytnari og umhverfisv\u00e6nni bens\u00edn- og d\u00edselv\u00e9lar. Hefur \u00fer\u00f3unin
veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1tt a\u00f0 b\u00edlar me\u00f0 sprengihreyfil hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali 1% sparneytnari \u00e1r hvert og bili\u00f0
\u00feannig minnka\u00f0 jafnt og \u00fe\u00e9tt \u00e1 milli bens\u00edn- og d\u00edselb\u00edla annars vegar og rafmagnsb\u00edla hins vegar.
\u00de\u00e1 virkar \u00fea\u00f0 letjandi \u00e1 n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00e1kve\u00f0a a\u00f0 farin skuli tiltekin lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 leysa
tilteki\u00f0 vandam\u00e1l. E\u00f0li m\u00e1lsins samkv\u00e6mt er \u00f3gerlegt a\u00f0 meta ru\u00f0nings\u00e1hrifin en hins vegar er ekki
mikill vandi a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 hugvitsamar n\u00fdjar lausnir sem eru komnar mislangt \u00e1 lei\u00f0, s.s. rafkn\u00fain
deili-rei\u00f0hj\u00f3li og hlaupahj\u00f3l, og lausnir sem f\u00e1 f\u00f3lk til a\u00f0 samn\u00fdta b\u00edla, sem hafa jafnmikla e\u00f0a meiri
bur\u00f0i en orkuskipti til a\u00f0 draga verulega \u00far kolefnisspori samgangna.
Sem d\u00e6mi um \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar lausnir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far koltv\u00eds\u00fdringslosun \u00fe\u00e1 hefur \u00fatflutningur \u00e1
\u00edslenskum vikri veri\u00f0 \u00ed deiglunni undanfari\u00f0 og veri\u00f0 hampa\u00f0 sem mikilv\u00e6gri loftslagsa\u00f0ger\u00f0. \u00cd
n\u00fdlegri sk\u00fdrslu Eflu kemur fram a\u00f0 s\u00e9 vikurinn nota\u00f0ur sem \u00edbl\u00f6ndunarefni vi\u00f0 sementsger\u00f0 geti
n\u00fdting eins efnist\u00f6kusv\u00e6\u00f0is \u00e1 M\u00fdrdalssandi spara\u00f0 800 millj\u00f3n kg af koltv\u00eds\u00fdringi. Jafngildir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed
a\u00f0 n\u00falla \u00fat n\u00e6stum alla koltv\u00eds\u00fdringslosun samgangna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed heilt \u00e1r.

\u00dea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra:
<\/strong>Sagan er full af d\u00e6mum um vel meinandi stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn og stofnanir sem t\u00f6ldu sig hafa fundi\u00f0
bestu lausnina \u00e1 tilteknum vanda, en hugsu\u00f0u d\u00e6mi\u00f0 ekki til enda, sko\u00f0u\u00f0u ekki alla m\u00f6gulega
valkosti, og reyndust \u00e1 endanum gera meira \u00f3gagn en gagn me\u00f0 inngripum s\u00ednum.
\u00cd tilviki \u00cdslands hleypur kostna\u00f0urinn af stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 vistv\u00e6nar bifrei\u00f0ar \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum tugum milljar\u00f0a
kr\u00f3na og vir\u00f0ist a\u00f0 \u00ed upphafi hafi l\u00edti\u00f0 veri\u00f0 gert til a\u00f0 meta hvort a\u00f0 \u00e1batinn af a\u00f0ger\u00f0unum yr\u00f0i \u00ed
nokkru samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kostna\u00f0inn.
Reglan \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 till\u00f6gur um hvers kyns inngrip, sama hve g\u00f6fugum tilgangi \u00feau \u00fej\u00f3na, ver\u00f0i
ekki a\u00f0 veruleika fyrr en eftir mj\u00f6g vanda\u00f0a og \u00edtarlega r\u00fdni \u00fear sem huga\u00f0 er b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 kostna\u00f0i,
\u00e1bata og ru\u00f0nings\u00e1hrifum. Metna\u00f0arfull inngrip \u00fearf a\u00f0 tempra me\u00f0 au\u00f0m\u00fdkt gagnvart
sk\u00f6punargetu hagkerfisins og skilningi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 mi\u00f0st\u00fdring f\u00e6rir okkur sjaldan bestu lausnirnar.
Loks \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa \u00fea\u00f0 hugfast a\u00f0 \u00edvilnanir og hvatar bjaga gangkerfi efnahagsl\u00edfsins og kennir
reynslan okkur a\u00f0 \u00feegar b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 kynna \u00edvilnanir til s\u00f6gunnar ver\u00f0a til kr\u00f6ftugir og h\u00e1v\u00e6rir
hagsmunah\u00f3par sem munu berjast fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda \u00feessum \u00edvilnunum og auka \u00fe\u00e6r \u2013 sama hva\u00f0
\u00fe\u00e6r kosta samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n